2003
2003 is the year the Human Genome Project was completed.
- Odd
- Prime
Where 2003 fits
Why 2003 is special
The sequence was declared essentially finished after thirteen years, though genuinely complete coverage was only announced in 2022. Costs fell from billions to under a thousand dollars per genome within two decades.
2003 is part of
Factors & digit properties
- Divisors (2)
- 1, 2003
- Prime factorisation
- 2003
- Digit sum
- 5
- Digital root
- 5
Representations
- Decimal
- 2003
- Scientific notation
- 2.003 × 10^3
Roman numerals
M M I I I
Binary
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 × 1,024 + 1 × 512 + 1 × 256 + 1 × 128 + 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 = 2,003
Octal
3 7 2 3
3 × 512 + 7 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 3 × 1 = 2,003
Hexadecimal
7 d 3
7 × 256 + d × 16 + 3 × 1 = 2,003
Read as powers of two: 1,024 + 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 16 + 2 + 1 = 2,003.
In historical numeral systems
Egyptian
2 lotuses, 3 strokes
2 × 1,000 + 3 × 1 = 2,003. The signs are simply repeated and added; where they sit on the line is a matter of layout, not value.
Babylonian
3 corner wedges + 3 vertical wedges (sixties place), 2 corner wedges + 3 vertical wedges (units place)
33 × 60 + 23 = 2003. Places are separated by a space on the tablet, with the higher place written first.
Systems that simply cannot reach this value are left out. Where a script needs a font most readers do not have, the reading is given instead of the glyphs — see number systems for each system in full.
Other mathematical patterns
- Deficient number
- Happy number
- Sophie Germain prime
Related numbers & connections
2003 is a year in the 21st century, in the 2000s.
Dolly was cloned in 1996 and the human genome sequenced by 2003. Both depended on reading and manipulating DNA at a scale impossible a decade earlier.
View 1996 →Science
In 2003, the Human Genome Project was declared complete.
DocumentedScienceGeography: globalPeriod: 2003The Human Genome Project was declared essentially complete in 2003 after thirteen years, though genuinely gapless coverage was only announced in 2022. Sequencing costs fell from billions to under a thousand dollars per genome in two decades.
DocumentedSciencePeriod: 2003
Common questions
Is 2003 a prime number?
Yes, 2003 is prime — it has exactly two positive divisors: 1 and itself.
What are the factors of 2003?
The factors of 2003 are 1, 2003.
What is 2003 in Roman numerals?
2003 in Roman numerals is MMIII.
About this page's data
Mathematical facts:computed directly from the number's value — nothing to source or verify externally.
Contextual records: 2 reviewer-confirmed records, sourced and reviewed before publication.
Last reviewed: 15 July 2026