1709
1709 is the year coke smelting was first used for iron.
- Odd
- Prime
Where 1709 fits
Why 1709 is special
Abraham Darby's substitution of coke for charcoal removed the constraint that iron production depended on woodland. It is among the most consequential single changes of the Industrial Revolution.
1709 is part of
Factors & digit properties
- Divisors (2)
- 1, 1709
- Prime factorisation
- 1709
- Digit sum
- 17
- Digital root
- 8
Representations
- Decimal
- 1709
- Scientific notation
- 1.709 × 10^3
Roman numerals
M D C C I X
MDCCIX uses the subtractive pair IX: one before ten — ten minus one.
Binary
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 × 1,024 + 1 × 512 + 0 × 256 + 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 = 1,709
Octal
3 2 5 5
3 × 512 + 2 × 64 + 5 × 8 + 5 × 1 = 1,709
Hexadecimal
6 a d
6 × 256 + a × 16 + d × 1 = 1,709
Read as powers of two: 1,024 + 512 + 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 1,709.
In historical numeral systems
Egyptian
1 lotus, 7 coils of rope, 9 strokes
1 × 1,000 + 7 × 100 + 9 × 1 = 1,709. The signs are simply repeated and added; where they sit on the line is a matter of layout, not value.
Babylonian
2 corner wedges + 8 vertical wedges (sixties place), 2 corner wedges + 9 vertical wedges (units place)
28 × 60 + 29 = 1709. Places are separated by a space on the tablet, with the higher place written first.
Systems that simply cannot reach this value are left out. Where a script needs a font most readers do not have, the reading is given instead of the glyphs — see number systems for each system in full.
Other mathematical patterns
- Deficient number
Related numbers & connections
1709 is a year in the 18th century, in the 1700s.
Coke smelting from 1709 freed iron production from woodland, and Newcomen's engine of 1712 pumped water from the mines that supplied the coal. The two advances reinforced each other.
View 1712 →Technology & computing
In 1709, Abraham Darby smelted iron with coke rather than charcoal, removing the limit that forests had placed on iron production (England).
DocumentedTechnology & computingGeography: EnglandPeriod: 1709Smelting iron with coke rather than charcoal from 1709 removed a hard ceiling: charcoal iron could only expand as fast as forests could regrow. Coal was effectively unlimited by comparison.
DocumentedTechnology & computingGeography: EnglandPeriod: 1709
Common questions
Is 1709 a prime number?
Yes, 1709 is prime — it has exactly two positive divisors: 1 and itself.
What are the factors of 1709?
The factors of 1709 are 1, 1709.
What is 1709 in Roman numerals?
1709 in Roman numerals is MDCCIX. IX is subtractive: one before ten — ten minus one. Written additively it would be MDCCVIIII, which Roman inscriptions used freely — the strict subtractive form is a later convention.
About this page's data
Mathematical facts:computed directly from the number's value — nothing to source or verify externally.
Contextual records: 2 reviewer-confirmed records, sourced and reviewed before publication.
Last reviewed: 15 July 2026