1648
1648 is the year of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
- Even
- Composite
Where 1648 fits
Why 1648 is special
Westphalia is conventionally credited with establishing the sovereign state as the basic unit of international relations. Historians dispute how much it actually settled at the time, but the treaties are still the reference point every discussion of sovereignty starts from.
Factors & digit properties
- Divisors (10)
- 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 103, 206, 412, 824, 1648
- Prime factorisation
- 2^4 × 103
- Digit sum
- 19
- Digital root
- 1
Representations
- Decimal
- 1648
- Binary
- 11001110000
- Octal
- 3160
- Hexadecimal
- 670
- Roman numeral
- MDCXLVIII
- Scientific notation
- 1.648 × 10^3
Other mathematical patterns
- Deficient number
Related numbers & connections
The Peace of Lodi in 1454 stabilised Italy through resident ambassadors, and Westphalia in 1648 is credited with the sovereign-state system. Permanent diplomacy preceded the doctrine by two centuries.
View 1454 →Other connections
- developed from1454
why?
Strength 0.50, confidence "high".
Law & regulation
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and is conventionally credited with founding the sovereign-state system. Historians dispute how much the treaties actually established at the time, but they remain the reference point from which arguments about sovereignty begin.
DocumentedLaw & regulationGeography: EuropePeriod: 1648
Common questions
Is 1648 a prime number?
No, 1648 is not prime.
What are the factors of 1648?
The factors of 1648 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 103, 206, 412, 824, 1648.
What is 1648 in Roman numerals?
1648 in Roman numerals is MDCXLVIII.
About this page's data
Mathematical facts:computed directly from the number's value — nothing to source or verify externally.
Contextual records: 1 reviewer-confirmed record, sourced and reviewed before publication.
Last reviewed: 3 August 2026